U.S. and U.S. Presidency - A Quiz ( Level 2 )

U.S. and U.S. Presidency - A Quiz ( Level 2 )  -   P..Natarajan, camp: Canton MI

A quiz about America was mailed by me to you on 14th Nov 2014 which could be perhaps termed as level - 1 now , in view of this level 2 quiz, which accounts for more historical and interesting information about United States. The answers follow the questions as usual.  Pl. spare some time to pursue the same and trigger your memory.

1.0  Do you know from which country and how many years before , the first north American settlers migrate ?

(Ans:- Siberia , 15000 years ago via Bering Land Bridge which is an ancient bridge connecting

Asia and north America at various times.)

2.0  What event spurred the Western Migration ?

(Ans:- The California Gold Rush was the event in 1848-49. Gold was found by James W Marshall at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma in Cal. The news spread like a wild fire and about 3 lakhs people from rest of America and abroad migrated to Cal. The migration caused creation of additional Western States, The seekers called themselves as ‘ forty - niners‘ with reference to the year 1849.)

3.0  Virginia State is known as the mother of U.S. Presidents.  how many were born there and further name them ?

( Ans:-  8 from Virginia. 1st President George Washington , 3rd Thomas Jefferson, 4th James Madison, 5th James Monroe, 9th William Henry , 10th John Tyler. 12th Zachary Taylor and 28th Woodrow Wilson.  )

4.0  ‘O for Ohio which has played a vital role in electing the U.S. presidents. Pl. elaborate the considerations for this statement?

( Ans:- 7 Presidents were Ohioans in this order. (1) Ulysses S. Grant, (2) Rutherford Birchard Hayes (3) James Abram Garfield, (4) Benjamin Harrison (5) William McKinley (6) William Howard Taft, (7) Warren Gamaliel Harding. They were respectively 18th, 19th, 20th, 23rd, 25th, 27th and 29th U.S. Presidents.

Second consideration :- (a) Out of 4 assassinated, 2 were Ohioans in Sl.Nos. (3) and (5); (b)  3 out of 4 died in office named in sl.nos. (3), (5) and (7).  (c) Out of 9 Presidents portrayed in U.S.paper currency, 2 were from Ohio in sl. nos (1) and (5). .(d)  Out of 12 Generals , 4 were Ohioans in sl.nos.:- (1), (2), (3) and (4).

5.0  Which President issued an executive order in 1901 officially changing the’ Executive Mansion’ name to the ‘White House’

(Ans:- George Washington preferred to call it as ‘President’s House‘. It was also known as Executive Mansion’ But following the war of Britain, the White House was destroyed in 1814.

It was rebuilt and painted White, It looked more white after the repairs. Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order in 1901 changing the building's name permanently to White House)

6.0 Who was the first known Presidential jogger ?

(Ans:- Theodore Roosevelt who jogged around ‘ Washington Monument ‘ daily.

7.0  July 4 1776 is now celebrated as America's independence day annually. Name the two Presidents who died on this day and name one who was born this day ?

(Ans:- John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died within minutes on July 4.,1826 exactly after 50 years after Declaration of Independence.  Calvin Coolidge who became the 30th U.S.President was born on July 4 1872 in Plymouth Notch, Vermont.)

8.0  Focus on the background climate and the causes in detail which led to the civil war in America .

(Ans:-  Seven Southern States left the Union during the time of Abraham Lincoln’s taking the Presidency, and formed a ’ new nation, the Confederate States of America ’. Secession became no longer a mere threat. Confederate Forces fired in 1861 April 12 the Fort Sumter in the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln called for 75000 militia to join the army. The civil war in 1861 became a reality. Inherent divisions over slavery between the North and the South was the underlying cause for the civil war. Virginia secedes, followed by  North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas.The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American History in the death of 618000 deaths and many casualties. Lincoln declared that half free and half slave was not the answer to end the rebels’ stand.. After the victory in Antietam by the Union, Lincoln announced Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation went into the effect on Jan1,1863.

The civil war became the cause for fighting to free the slaves when Northerners were not interested in abolition. The battle of Gettysburg ended in the victory of the Union followed by Atlanta, Nevada. After the Union victory, it made four million African American who had been slaves free as U.S.Citizens and promised them voting rights.)

9.0  What was the day when Abraham Lincoln was shot ?

( Ans:- A Good Friday - April 14, 1865 )

10.0.  Which City is known as New Amsterdam, also as Big Apple

( Ans:- New York )

11.0 (a) If it is 6 a.m. in New York, what is the time in Los Angeles? (b) Which State was once a part of Mexico

(Ans:-(a)  3.00 a.m.;  (b) Texas )

12.0 What is the tallest building in U.S. ?

( Ans:- One World Trade Center in New York City is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and 4th tallest in the world is 1776 feet high, (541.3M, )104 floors and opened to public on November 3rd, 2014. Second tallest in Western hemisphere is now known as Willis Tower and commonly known as Sears Tower, 1440’ HIGH (442M), 108 floors, built in 1973. There are many more skyscrapers in N.Y. and Chicago making U.S.proud of housing most skyscrapers )

13.0 (a)  Name the only President to have ruled 3 terms ? (b) Who becomes the President if the President and the Vice President die

( Ans:- (a) 32nd U.S.President Franklin D Roosevelt had served three terms from March 4 1933 to April 12 1945. He belonged to the Democratic Party -  was born in Hyde Park, New York.

( b ) The Speaker of the house of the Representatives when the Pres. and vice Pres. die.

14.0 (a) Which three U.S.Presidents find their names as top 3 consistently in the ranking system of scholars and historians ?  (b) Which other Presidents figure in the ranking but do not figure in the system. (c) Which President served in the House of Representatives after the Presidency?  (d) Who served as a Speaker and later as the President ?

(Ans:- (1) Abraham Lincoln (16th President), Franklin D Roosevelt ( 32nd )  George Washington (1st). figure as top three in ranking.

(b) Harry S Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight Eisenhower, James K Polk and  Andrew Jackson are ranked in the second ring.

J.F.Kennedy, R.Reagan, Bill Clinton, tend to be rated among the greatest in public opinion polls but do not figure in the Scholars list.

(c). John Quincy Adams served as the U.S. President from 1825-29. He was also U.S.Representative from Massachusetts during the period 1830-48.

(d).  James K Polk was the Speaker from 1835-39. He became 11th President (1845-49).

15.0  Good Slogans have rhyme, rhythm or alterations to make them memorable. U.S. presidential elections witnessed campaigns of slogans. Do you know some by history?

(Ans:- ( 1 )   We polked you in ‘44. We shall pierce you in 52. This was how Franklin Pierce

campaigned in 1852 to the 1844 elections of fellow Democrat James K Polk as President

(2).” Don’t swap horses when crossing streams” -  Abraham Lincoln employed this slogan to urge the war-weary Nation to remain on course instead of voting challenger  George McLean in 1864.

(3.  “Keep Cool and Keep Coolidge” - Calvin Coolidge employed this winning slogan in 1924

(4). “ We are turning the corner “ - 1932 campaign by Herbert Hoover in the depths of Great Depression.

(5. Washington wouldn't, Grant Couldn't, Roosevelt shouldn't  - this was anti Franklin D'Roosevelt's slogan referring FDR who was running for a third term.

(6).“ I like Ike”, “ I still Ike “ was the popular slogan(s) of Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and in 1956- the second slogan gave him more favorable win.

(7).“ Morning again in America “ - Ronald  Reagan's campaign in 1984

(8) “ Sunflowers die in November ” - in 1936 Franklin D Roosevelt employed this slogan to counter Alf Landon whose home State was Kansas which state uses Sunflower as its official Flower and November is the month when U.S. presidential election takes place.

(9).  “Yes We Can “  -  Barack Obama in 2008 election

(10). “ Change We can Believe ” - Barack Obama in 2008 )

The campaign ends here and shall we move to the next !

16.0  Presidential Faces of U.S.Currency -  Explain what are in vogue.

( Ans: $1 Note : George Washington ;  $2 Note :- Thomas Jefferson;  $5 Note :- Abraham Lincoln

$20 Note :- Andrew Jackson;  $50 Note:-  Ulysses S. Grant.

The Two non-Presidents on current American currency are:- $10:- Alexander Hamilton;

$10 Note:- Benjamin Franklin

Presidents featured on current coins:- Penny :- Lincoln;  Nickel:- Jefferson;  Dime;- Franklin D. Roosevelt;  Quarter:- George Washington;  Half dollar:- John F. Kennedy )

17.0. Name the 5 Youngest presidents in that order /

( Ans:- Theodore Roosevelt (26th ) - 42Y,10 m ;  John F.Kennedy (35) - 43Y, 7m ,  Bill Clinton 42) - 46Y, 5m,  Ulysses S. Grant (18th) -  46Y, 10m,  Barack Obama (44) - 47 Y,5m )

18.0  Alabama is known as Yellow Hammer State. What are the names for the following States likewise? :- (1) Wisconsin, (2) Virginia, (3) Vermont, (4) Utah, (5) Rhode Island, (6) Oklahoma, (7) North Dakota, (8) New Jersey, ( 9) New Hampshire, (10) Nevada, (11) Montana, (12) Missouri, (13) Maryland, (14)  Georgia, (15) Louisiana

(Ans:- (1) Badger state, (2) Old Dominion state, (3) Green Mountain state, (4) Beehive State, (5) Ocean state, (6) Sooner State, (7) Peace Garden State, (8) Garden State, (9) Granite State, (10) Silver State, (11)Treasure State, (12)  Show Me State, (13) Old Line state , (14) Peach State, (15) Pelican state. )

19.0 The following U.S. Presidents were also referred by another popular names. What are they ?

(A) -  (1) John Adams (2nd President), (2) Thomas Jefferson (3rd), (3) James Monroe (5th), (4) John Quincy Adams (6th), (5) Andrew Jackson (7th), (6) Martin Van Bruce (8th) (7) John Tyler (10th),  (8) William Henry Harrison (9th) Abraham Lincoln, (16th), (10) Ulysses S Grant (18th) :-

(Ans (A):- in the same order:- (1) The Atlas of Independence, (2) The Sage of Monticello, (3) The Last Cooked Hat (4) The Old man eloquence as he taught oratory & rhetoric in Harvard, ( 5) Old Hickory (6) The little Magician (7) His Accidency (8) Old Tippecanoe (9) The Great Emancipator (10) Unconditional Surrender. )

(B) - In the same manner as stated in (A) above in Sl. No.19 -  the question in (B) is framed in the other way, The other referred name of the U.S. Presidents appear first and you have to name their real names:-

(1) Big Steve or Uncle Jumbo, (2) Idol of Ohio, (3) Little Ben, (4) Dubya, (5) The Gipper, (6) Man From Plains, (7) Tricky Dick, (8) Ike, (9) Silent Cal, (10) School Master in Politics (11) "TR" The Trust Buster

( Ans (B):- in the same order :- (1) Grover Cleveland (22nd), (2) William McKinley(25th), (3) Benjamin Harrison (23rd) (4) George Walker Bush (43rd), (5) Ronald Wilson Reagan (40th), (6) James Earl Carter Jr.(39th), (7) Richard Milhous Nixon ( 37th), (8) Dwight David Eisenhower (34th), (9) Calvin Coolidge (30th), (10) Woodrow Wilson, (28th), (11) Theodore Roosevelt (26th). )  

20.0.  Describe the U.S.National Flag with a sketch:-

(Ans:-  The alternate Titles :- Old Glory; Star Spangled Banner, Stars and Stripes

The White Stars stand for 50 States of the Union on a blue canton ;  13 alternate stripes 7 red and 6 white stand for the original 13 States, The flag width to length ratio :- 10 to 19; White signifies:- Purity and Innocence; Red :- Hardiness, Valour;  Blue:- Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice. The Stars and Stripes has long been a focus of patriotic sentiment. See portrait below:-

The Quiz ( level 1 ) " About America " and now the Quiz ( level 2) - " U.S. and U.S. Presidency " are now in your hands. At this context, let me ask what I may say as a ' real ' quiz ' :-

While the right answers would indicate the score for the readers, I am tempted to know from the readers:- " what is your score for the " Quiz Master " ? 

Regards.

pn

' About America ' - ' A Quiz '

‘ About  America ‘  -  A Quiz

• P.Natarajan, camp: Canton MI

A week and 5 months are over since our arrival in U.S. We have been able to visit more places of tourist interest this time, pursue books, read novels, refer to journals, and  to learn and refresh our memory about this most powerful and advanced country on the Earth, where living comforts are in abundance and the routines of life less taxing, and moving abouts are rendered orderly. Above all, we are overjoyed in the company of Isha, our little granddaughter (turning one year), singing with her ‘Cock a Doodle Dog’ ;’ Lady Bird, Lady Bird’ , ‘Old King Cole ,’ Roses are Red’  and so on.

This introduction is good enough to share what we have learnt about America in the form of a quiz with all of you, though it may not be anything new, nor a riddle but perhaps more of a refresher. The answers can be seen below the questions and shall be glad if you could take some interest to go through this mail.

1.0   Dwight D.Eisenhower was the 34th U.S. President.  Who was 43rd ? ; Who succeeded the 34th ?

( Ans:- 43rd President was George W. Bush ;  John F. Kennedy was the 35th President. )

2.0  Which President delivered the famous “ House Divided  Speech “ ?  What was its full form ?

( Ans:- Abraham Lincoln in 1858. “ A House Divided in itself cannot stand. I believe Govt. can not permanently endure half-slave, half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I don’t expect the house to fall , but I do expect it will cease to be divided “. )

3.0  Four U.S. Presidents had won the Nobel Peace Prize. Name them. Who among them won after leaving the office ?

( Ans:- Theodore Roosevelt;  Woodrow Wilson;  Jimmy Carter;  Barack Obama in 2009  -  Jimmy Carter in 2002 after leaving the office ).

4.0 Which State is called Grand Canyon State ? What is its Capital ?  What are the two main rivers there ?

( Ans:- Arizona -  Capital:  Phoenix ,  Rivers : Colorado and Gila )

5.0  In which U.S. State the tallest ancient Trees are the living things in the world ? By what nickname they are otherwise well known ?

( Ans:- California; Giant Redwood Trees, they are also well known as Sequoia Trees which grow high 300 feet - they are very ancient and stand over a long period of time.

6.0 Which Four States meet at a place called  ‘ Four Corner Region ‘ ?

( Ans:- Arizona , Utah,  New Mexico  and Colorado are the Four States Making a meet at Four Corner region  )

7.0  Which State is called the First State in U.S.? The State is also named by its main River.

(Ans:- Delaware  -   River also by the same name )

8.0  How many mountains Colorado boasts of ? How many of them are 14000 feet high ?

(Ans:-  80 , 53 are as high as 14000 feet )

9.0  Which President is known as father of U.S. Constitution ?

(Ans:- James Madison - 4th President 1809 - 1817 )

10.0  Who are known as Founding Fathers of U.S.A.?

(Ans:-  refers to those individuals of the Thirteen British Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the authority of British Crown and established U.S. They are :- (1) James Adams, (2) Benjamin Franklin, (3) Alexander Hamilton, (4) John Jay, (5) Thomas Jefferson, (6) James Madison, (7).George Washington

11.0  The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It is comprised of the ‘Preamble’ which famously begins “ ------” As what?

(Ans:- “We The People “ )

12.0  Whose First inaugural Presidential Address ran like this:-  “ .... You Have No Oath Registered in Heaven to destroy the Govt. While I have the most solemn one “ to preserve, protect and defend” it  ?

( Ans:- Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1861 )

13.0  Four Presidents who were assassinated ...?

(Ans:- Abraham Lincoln (1865) , James Garfield (1881), William Mckinley (1901), John F.Kennedy (1963)

14.0  Which State is known as Sunshine State ? What is its motto? & its Capital ?

(Ans:- Florida,  “ In God We Trust “ (motto), Tallahassee is the Capital )

15.0 State the top 5 largest Cities in U.S. ? (by population)

(Ans:- New York -  8.36 million ;  Los Angeles  -  3.83 million;  Chicago  -  2.85 million;  Houston  -  2.24 million;  Phoenix  -  1.56 million )

16.0  Kansas State is known as Sunflower State. Name the other known names for the following:- (1) Idaho, (2) Kentucky (3) Maine (4) Washington (5) West Virginia (6) Wyoming (7) Texas (8) Tennessee (9) New York (10) Nevada (11) California (12) Connecticut (13) Georgia

(14)Colorado and its capital  (15) Michigan with a short description

(Ans:- (1) Gem State (2) Bluegrass State (3) Pine Tree State (4) Evergreen State (5) Mountain State (6) Equality State (7) Lone Star State (8) Volunteer State (9) Empire State (10) Silver State (11) Golden State (12) Constitution State (13) Peach State (14) Centennial State , capital DENVER (15) Great Lakes State, Capital : Lansing . Michigan is bordered by four of the great Lakes which create two peninsulas. They are Lake Superior, Huron, Michigan & Erie. Lake Ontario borders with the State. Lake St. Clair , relatively smaller,surrounds.

In 1903 Henry Ford built an automobile factory in Michigan which dominates the economy of the State. Most of the Nations cereal is made in Battle Creek, Michigan. The 3rd most largest Freshwater lake by surface area (23000 Sq.miles) is in Michigan ( Lake Huron ).

17.0  Which President served the shortest term? - His grand son also became the 23rd President

(Ans:- William Henry Harrison - 9th President served from March 4 1841 to  April 4 1841;  31 days, 12 hours and 30 minutes to be exact - first to die in office ) - Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd and his grandson )

18.0   Which President was the author of ‘ Profiles in Courage ‘ which book won the Pulitzer Prize ? What is the other book he had authored ?

(Ans:- John  F. Kennedy;  The other book “‘ Why England Slept “ )

19.0 Which President addressed his inaugural speech like this “ ... Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country ..)

( Ans:- John Fitzgerald Kennedy - Jan 20 1961 )

20.0 Which President delivered the famous Gettysburg Speech ? Spell the famous words ?

(Ans:- Abraham Lincoln on Nov 19, 1863 -   .. Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from Earth ..” in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, which is also called as the Keystone State.

I feel 20 would be enough......

Though the quiz ends with sl.no.20, I am tended to accord a finishing touch by adding short notes about the current U.S. President Obama. Barack Hussein Obama became the 44th President of U.S.A. in 2009 Jan.-   taught earlier constitutional law at the University of Chicago. He has published two books- autobiography ‘ Dreams from My Father ‘ and ‘ the Audacity of Hope ‘. Nobel Peace Prize winner in 2009  for improving international peace dialogue. A major reform of Nation’s Health Care System brought in by him is known as Obama Care. The President is serving his second term currently.

pn

‘Yesterday is but Today’s Memory’

‘Yesterday is but Today’s Memory’

• P.Natarajan.

To quote Khalil Gibran :-  “ Yesterday is but Today's Memory and Tomorrow is Today’s Dream “. Learn to enjoy today - it becomes a good memory later. Abraham Lincoln said that “ No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar”. Quotes like these inspire to read further on the subject :-.

Memory is the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc.or recalling previous experiences. The expression ‘He Can Do it from Memory’ conveys the ability of the mind to store and recall past sensations, thoughts, knowledge, etc.

Recognition Memory is distinctly differ from Recall Memory. When a person is able to capture in his mind the image of an individual whom he had met sometime ago indicates the recognition memory. If you are able to recall a ten digit telephone number of an important activity, the recall memory is active. Remembering familiar places of past visits, the directions is termed as Topographic Memory.

Flashbulb Memory makes you to remember- ‘ where you were or what were you doing at that time’’ -  whenever you hear emotional news (say) the assassination of a person of national or international importance or an incident like 9/11. They are clear episodic memories.

Explicit Memory involves conscious process of recalling the information. For example how to start a light motor vehicle depends upon the procedures remembered sequentially right from inserting the ignition key to levels of acceleration or to cite another (ii) remembering the procedures in sequence for a laboratory experimental set up  for the preparation of Chlorine Gas. The Equation what my memory prompts to write here pertaining to this is :- ***

***2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl = 2 KCl + 2MnCl2+ 8 H20 + 5Cl2

Memory fails with the passage of time where information is rapidly forgotten. To quote MT Cicero “ The Life of the Dead is placed in the Memory of the Living”. We can not forget some incidents but we can only forgive. A healed memory is certainly not a deleted memory.To quote Hellen Killer “ As long as the memory of certain beloved friends live in the heart, the Life is good”.  No doubt Time and Memory move in opposite directions.

Memory failure due to lack of attention is ‘absent mindedness’.  Alzheimers disease causes memory loss which becomes a key concern in old age for some.

Committed to memory in short is memorizing or learning by heart.  We commit to memory mantras like Vishnu or Lalitha Sahasra Namam and recite them regularly during prayers. Children and students memorize rules, theorems, poetries, grammar by memorizing without perhaps a clear understanding which is termed as Rote memory.

Shruthi (Vedas) in Sanskrit is expanded like this :- “Shruyathe ithi Shruthi:” - Hearing and Listening is Shruthi. Memory plays a vital role in learning and reciting the Vedas as there were no texts in the beginning. It is because Veda is said to have existed in the mind of Deity even before beginning of Time. Shruthi is one of the main sources for Dharma and is of Divine Origin and is preserved as a whole instead of verse by verse.

In computers, committed memory is the number of bytes that has been associated with a reserved address and is therefore not available for other processes. For example :- 32 byte maximum RAM is 4GB  (If you put upto 8GB RAM, it still have 4GB RAM in System Properties because it can not access from 4GB to above.) - A Memory Card or Flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used to store digital information.

Memory Alpha is a collaborative project to create the most definitive, accurate and accessible encyclopedia reference for everything related to ‘Star Trek’

Salient causes for memory loss has already been mentioned. It is but natural to wield interest in knowing how to improve memory. Aerobic exercises like running, swimming, cycling and light physical movements of the body have effects on the brain. Neurotransmitter levels are improved, improved oxygen, nutrient delivery and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

In old people aerobics help to retain mental stability as well as ability. In growing children it improves academic performances. Doing Sudoku,solving Cross Word puzzles, learning a new language or music all help in maintaining an active brain. Stress reduction will improve and enable for an active memory. HEALTHY EATING  will be another way.  Broccoli and such Cruciferous vegetables, green and Leafy vegetables, avocados, oranges, beets, sweet tomatoes, Ladies finger - to list a few, boost energy and memory.

Staying intellectually by learning and reading goes a long way to improve one’s memory. Fear of a particular event makes the memory vibrant - for example the memory what happened at Hiroshima gives a sense of fear how terrible it was and the world is safe from the bomb since WWII (World War II - 1945 ). Memorization helps to remember by ‘Spacing effect’ - that is where rehearsals are spaced over a period of time in contrast to cramming - an intensive memorization in a short period of time.

Association of ideas or themes help in remembrance. A ten digit telephone number 123 456 7890 can be remembered by associating the first three numbers as area code and next three as region and last three as special numbers. You can remember the secret code numbers to open say a garage lock by say 19 (dob of your son ) and 43 ( dob of your spouse.) - simply press 1943 in the lock and the garage door swings open to enter into your house without touching the main door which can always be kept locked. The key factor lies in memorizing the secret code of your choice.

Memory plays a vital part in success of operations during a life period of an individual.

I wish to share here what my Science Teacher wrote in 1958 when I asked for an autograph after the S.S.L.C. exam - I recall it here, as it is very much relevant to the current topic ;-

(i) “Remembrance is the golden chain that links our hearts together. Even if we fail to meet each other, let us not forget each other”. . ...

(ii) “ The best of friends can always meet along the way of MEMORY SWEET “.

I also wish to bring to the memory of learned readers the melodious song from ‘VAZHKAI’ - a 1950s tamil movie -

the song begins in praise of memory. You may like to hum the tune as you read the lines which MSR sings.

From my memory the song goes out thus:

" எண்ணி எண்ணி பார்க்கும் மனம் இன்பம் கொண்டாடுதே

என்னை அறியாமல் மனம் துள்ளிவிளையாடுதே ( Enni Enni Parkum Manam Inbam Kondaaduthe; ennai ariyamale manam thullivilaiyaduthe " ( As my old associated thoughts spread in mind more and more, my joy swells no bounds voluntarily without my knowing  ...) 

The Mind Can Heal the Body - the power of positive thinking lies in seeing the opportunity in every difficulty. Believe in none of what you hear and half of what you see. To think is to improve the power of Memory.

pn

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